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Commentary
Ukraine H1N1 D225G in
North Carolina
Recombinomics
Commentary 07:55
February 01, 2010
NC/53 did not have these markers, but it had D225G as well as the marker found in Ukraine (and Russia and Norway), A1281G. Thus, NC/53 provides a link between D225G in Ukraine, Norway, and Russia and D225G in North Carolina. However, sequences from Australia also provide linkages because it has markers found in Australia isolates with D225G and D225N, but also has Y233H, which was in the H1N1 from the hospitalized patients. The Australian sequence also had a regional marker that defines the cluster of D225G sequences in Zhejiang, China, providing linkages between Sydney Australia, Raleigh-Durham. North Carolina, and Zhejiang, China.
Moreover, in North Carolina D225G was on at least two different sub-clades, which is also true for D225G/N in Australia. Similarly, in Ukraine D225G/N was on multiple sub-clades in multiple combinations requiring multiple introductions, all of which is most easily explained by homologous recombination.
Thus, the rapid movement of D225G/N like the movement of H274Y in seasonal H1N1 as well as pandemic H1N1 highlights the central role of recombination in the rapid evolution of influenza.
The failure of WHO and consultants to recognize this very common mechanism of influenza evolution continues to be hazardous to the world’s health.
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